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Boyanov , Edward J. Iron oxide is the generic description of chemical compounds that has oxygen molecules O next to iron Fe molecules. There are 16 different known Iron Oxides of which Magnetite is one. Iron oxide is the most commonly used product description for the foundry industry. From our mines, we get Iron Ore; mineral rocks from which we produce our products for the steel industry and the industrial minerals industry. Fe is the symbol for Iron and O is the symbol for Oxygen.
When it is written like Fe 3 O 4, this is the chemical formula for Iron Oxide which occurs in nature as magnetite. Therefore, it is used by many as a synonym for the word Magnetite. Our magnetite, or the alternative brand names we use, refer to the products that we mine from our Swedish sources and are adapted for the needs of the respective industries in which they are used.
The new findings have now been published in the journal Science. Perhaps the most surprising property of the magnetite surface is that single atoms placed on the surface, for instance gold or palladium, stay perfectly in place instead of balling up and forming a nanoparticle.
This effect makes the surface an extremely efficient catalyst for chemical reactions - but nobody had ever been able to tell why magnetite behaves that way.
Very often, the properties of metal oxides depend on oxygen vacancies in the topmost atomic layers. Depending on the environment, some oxygen atoms on the surface may be missing. This can dramatically influence the electronic properties of the material. That is why it took us quite a while to figure out that it is in fact missing iron atoms that do the trick", says Gareth Parkinson.
Instead of a fixed structure of metal atoms with built-in oxygen atoms, one rather has to think of iron-oxides as a well-defined oxygen structure with little metal atoms hiding inside.
Directly below the outermost atomic layer, the crystal structure is rearranged and some iron atoms are absent. It is precisely above such places of missing iron atoms that other metal atoms attach. These iron-vacancy-sites are regularly spaced, and so there is always some well-defined distance between gold or palladium atoms attaching to the surface. This explains why magnetite surfaces prevent these atoms from forming clusters. The idea of completely re-thinking the crystal structure of magnetite was rather bold, and therefore the scientists analysed their theory very carefully.
Quantum simulations were carried out on large supercomputers to show that the proposed structure was indeed physically reasonable. After that, electron diffraction measurements were done together with researchers at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
This agreement is quantified by the so-called "R-value". For magnetite, nobody had ever managed to get anything better than 0. Metal oxides are widely known to be technologically important but extremely complicated to describe. Metal oxides can be modelled quite accurately after all, but maybe not in the way one might expect at first glance", says Gareth Parkinson.
The scientists expect that their findings do not just apply to iron oxide but also to oxides of cobalt, manganese or nickel. Re-thinking their crystal structures could possibly boost iron-oxide research in many areas and lead to applications in chemical catalysis, electronics or medicine. The research project is building bridges between physics and chemistry. TU Wien has set up the doctoral college "Solids4fun" to foster close interdisciplinary collaborations in the field of materials and surface science.
Black magnetite, with a high specific gravity, is used in water filter processes. In so called heavy concrete, it is used to increase the density of the concrete and make it this way stronger. Merus is treating water systems. One of our key solutions we offer, we are solving corrosion problems.
By stopping the corrosion on a metal surface, we remove in the same process the rust. This process is linked to forming of magnetite in the end. After installing the Merus Ring, the existing corrosion will be stopped or strongly reduced. The rust is automatically removed downstream the point of installation. The solved rust is carried with the liquid.
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