Concept, Values and Origin of Restorative Justice 2. Overview of Restorative Justice Processes 3. How Cost Effective is Restorative Justice?
Vulnerabilities of Girls in Conflict with the Law 3. Ending Violence against Women 2. Human Rights Approaches to Violence against Women 3. Who Has Rights in this Situation? What about the Men? Understanding the Concept of Victims of Crime 2. Impact of Crime, including Trauma 3. Right of Victims to Adequate Response to their Needs 4. Collecting Victim Data 5. Victims and their Participation in Criminal Justice Process 6.
Outlook on Current Developments Regarding Victims 8. The Many Forms of Violence against Children 2. The Impact of Violence on Children 3. Improving the Prevention of Violence against Children 5. The Role of the Justice System 2. Justice for Children 4. Justice for Children in Conflict with the Law 5. Institutional and Functional Role of Prosecutors 2c. Share this page Toggle Dropdown. Add selection. Create your own course:.
E4J University Module Series: Organized Crime Module 3: Organized Crime Markets Introduction and learning outcomes Key issues Drug trafficking Firearms trafficking Wildlife and forest crime Counterfeit products trafficking Manufacturing of and trafficking in falsified medical products Trafficking in cultural property Trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants Summary References Exercises Case studies and exercises Thinking critically through fiction Possible class structure Core reading Advanced reading Student assessment Review and assessment questions Quiz 3 Research and independent study questions Additional teaching tools Published in April , updated in February Regional Perspectives: Pacific Islands Region - added in November Regional Perspectives: Eastern and Southern Africa - added in April This module is a resource for lecturers Drug trafficking Regulatory framework Of all the illicit products trafficked by organized crime, drug trafficking is the most in famous and it has received systematic attention over the last decades.
Market and trends Over the past decades, there has been concerted global effort to track illicit drug production, drug trafficking as well as governments' interventions on illicit drug markets.
Challenges and opportunities Research on drug trafficking at the international level has revealed that weak law enforcement capacity and corruption are instrumental in keeping the illicit market resilient.
Next page Back to top. Supported by the State of Qatar. These, in turn, allow militants to improve the physical resources they have for fighting the state: they can hire more combatants, pay them better salaries, and equip them with better weapons. The more the state tries to destroy the illegal drug economy, the more their political capital grows.
The reason that large populations in many parts of the world embrace criminals and militants who sponsor the drug trade is that inadequate or problematic state presence, dire poverty, and social and political marginalization leave them few or no legal alternatives to provide for their economic survival and other socio-economic needs. For many, the drug trade is the only way to provide for their human security and their only chance for social advancement, even while involved in insecurity, criminality and marginalization.
The more the state is absent or deficient in the provision of legal jobs and public goods, including public safety and suppression of street crime, access to justice and dispute resolution mechanisms, enforcement of contracts as well as socioeconomic public goods, such as infrastructure, health care and education, the more communities are susceptible to becoming dependent on and supporters of criminal entities and militant actors who sponsor the drug trade and other illegal economies.
By sponsoring labour-intensive illicit economies, particularly illicit crop cultivation, criminal and militant actors can provide public goods, suboptimal as they may be. Most importantly, they sponsor employment in the illegal economy. This ability to provide employment is all the more significant in places where political-economic arrangements, such as taxation systems, weak fiscal capacity, limited access to education, and monopolistic economic and political setups, often fail to create jobs even during times of economic growth.
Criminal entities and militant groups often provide physical security as well. In fact, though they are sources of insecurity and crime in the first place, they often regulate the level of violence and suppress street crime, such as robberies, theft, kidnapping, and even homicides.
Functioning as order and rule providers brings criminals and militants important support from the community, in addition to facilitating the illegal business since illicit economies also benefit from reduced transaction costs and increased predictability. Organized crime groups and militant actors also provide dispute resolution mechanisms and even set up unofficial courts and enforce contracts. Additionally, they provide socioeconomic public goods, such as roads and health clinics.
The more they do so, the more they become de facto proto-state governing entities. In areas of state weakness and under provision of public goods, the effective state strategy towards the drug trade is thus not simply one of law enforcement suppression of crime.
Premature eradication of illicit crops in the absence of alternative livelihoods being in place; harsh imprisonment of users and farmers; saturation of areas with police officers, especially if they are corrupt and inadequately trained; interdiction policies excessively preoccupied with suppressing drug flows; and highly repressive measures—such approaches only attack the symptoms of the social crisis rather than its underlying conditions.
A more appropriate response is a multifaceted state-building effort that seeks to strengthen the bonds between the state and marginalized communities dependent on, or vulnerable to, participation in the illicit activity for reasons of economic survival and physical insecurity. Such a multifaceted approach requires that the state address all the complex reasons that populations turn to illegality, including law enforcement deficiencies and physical insecurity, poor rule of law, suppression of human rights, economic poverty and social marginalization.
It also requires the recognition that addicts are chronically ill people whose condition and interaction with the rest of society will only be worsened by imprisonment. The Biden administration must maintain, and where possible advance, existing levels of cooperation with nations like Colombia , Costa Rica , and Panama. It must also come up with a viable strategy to address the challenges posed by the governments of Mexico and Venezuela if the Biden administration intends to gain ground on the supply-side of TCO-driven drug trafficking.
There is also some risk that TCOs become even more violent or bold in executing their operations. In the context of TCOs, the gray zone could manifest in a number of different ways: for example, a difficult-to-attribute cyber-attack on a cruise ship in the deep Caribbean, drawing resources away from interdiction efforts, or the use of drone swarms at the land border to overwhelm resources there.
Finally, with respect to the Coast Guard, it is quite likely that at least four years of a Biden administration will result in an increased demand signal for Coast Guard resources. But there is only so much Coast Guard to go around, especially when considering the scope of Coast Guard missions beyond those even addressed in this article. And more means both quantity, and — with respect to technologically based-solutions and capabilities , especially those that are cyber-based — quality.
Department of Defense, U. Department of Homeland Security, or the U. Order from Chaos. A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era. Read all the Order from Chaos content ». Editor's Note: This piece is part of a series titled " Nonstate armed actors and illicit economies: What the Biden administration needs to know ," from Brookings's Initiative on Nonstate Armed Actors.
Drug trafficking in the Western Hemisphere It is no secret that the United States has a nearly unquenchable appetite for illegal drugs. Related Books. Bucharest Diary By Alfred H. Transatlantic Relations By Xenia Wickett. Order from Chaos A how-to guide for managing the end of the post-Cold War era.
Defense U. Foreign Policy.
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